Modern approaches to liver volume assessment (an ex-vivo study)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of liver volume measurement on the basis of simple (nonultrasound ) determination of linear organ dimensions using formulas of ultrasound volumetry. The study was carried out on 34 corpses of persons who died from various diseases. During the autopsy, the liver was removed from the abdominal cavity. After cutting off the gallbladder and ligamentous, the liver was weighed and then placed in a container with water to determine it volume by measuring the volume of the expelled fluid. Liver macroscopic study revealed that significant number of organs (13 of 34 (38%)) were affected by diffuse or focal liver diseases of various genesis. Measurement of liver size was carried out on both lobes sections according to the principles of ultrasound liver size determining. To measure the liver volume, the most common formulas in ultrasound were used: M. Zoli et al. (1989), D. Glenn et al. (1994), D. Elstein et al. (1997), M. Patlas et al. (2001), and J.T. Childs et al. (2016). Liver post-mortem mass in the group ranged 744-2711 g (median - 1663 g, 5-95^th percentiles - 803-2683 g). The volume of the liver, determined by fluid displacement method, ranged 620-2475 cm³ (median - 1475 cm³, 5-95^thpercentiles - 676-2256 cm³). The liver tissue density ranged 0.48-1.64 g/cm³ (median - 1.16 g/cm³, 5-95^th percentiles - 1.02-1.30 g/cm³). Spearman correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between real liver volume and calculated liver volume according to D. Elstein et al. (r_S - 0.814, P < 0.0001), M. Patlas et al. (r_S - 0.813, P < 0.0001), and J.T. Childs et al. (r_S - 0.709, P < 0.0001) formulas. The analysis of liver volume differences calculated by each formula from real liver volume demonstrated that there are no significant differences when using formulas of J.T. Childs et al. ((P = 0.4845), M. Patris et al. (P = 0.0953), and D. Elstein et al. (P = 0.0953). The most accurate formula for liver volume calculations was the formula of J.T. Childs et al.

ультразвуковая диагностика, ультразвуковая волюметрия, объем печени, размер печени, ultrasound diagnostics, ultrasound volumetry, liver volume, liver size

1. Bora A., Alptekin C., Yavuz A., Batur A., Akdemir Z., Berkoz M. Assessment of liver volume with computed tomography and comparison of findings with ultrasonography // Abdom. Imaging. 2014. V. 39. No. 6. P. 1153-1161. Doi: 10.1007/s00261-014-0146-5.

2. Borchert D., Schuler A., Muche R., Haenle M.M., Akinli A.S., Arnold F., Kratzer W., Pauls S. Comparison of panorama ultrasonography, conventional B-mode ultrasonography, and computed tomography for measuring liver size // Ultraschall Med. 2010. V. 31. No. 1. P. 31-36. Doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1109309.

3. D’Onofrio M., De Robertis R., Demozzi E., Crosara S., Canestrini S., Pozzi Mucelli R. Liver volumetry: is imaging reliable? Personal experience and review of the literature // World J. Radiol. 2014. V. 6. No. 4. P. 62-71. Doi: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i4.62.

4. Xiaoqi L., Yu M., Ren X., Wu J., Zhang M., Gu Yu. The study and implementation of liver volume measuring method based on 3-dimensional reconstruction technology // Optik. 2015. V. 126. No. 17. P. 1534-1539.

5. Практическое руководство по ультразвуковой диагностике. Общая ультразвуковая диагностика / Под ред. В.В. Митькова. Изд. 2-е. М.: Видар, 2011. 720 p.

6. Практическая ультразвуковая диагностика: руководство для врачей в 5 томах. Т. 1. Ультразвуковая диагностика заболеваний органов брюшной полости / Под ред. Г.Е. Труфанова, В.В. Рязанова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. 240 с.

7. Rasmussen S.N. Liver volume determination by ultrasonic scanning // Br. J. Radiol. 1972. V. 45. No. 536. C. 579-585.

8. Carr D., Duncan J.G. Liver volume determination by ultrasound: a feasibility study // Br. J. Radiol. 1976. V. 49. No. 585. P. 776-778.

9. Raeth U., Johnson P.J., Williams R. Ultrasound determination of liver size and assessment of patients with malignant liver disease // Liver. 1984. V. 4. No. 5. P. 287-293.

10. Leung N.W., Farrant P., Peters T.J. Liver volume measurement by ultrasonography in normal subjects and alcoholic patients // J. Hepatol. 1986. V. 2. No. 2. P. 157-164.

11. Childs J.T., Esterman A., Phillips M., Thoirs K.A., Turner R.C. Methods of determining the size of the adult liver using 2D ultrasound: a systematic review of articles reporting liver measurement techniques // J. Diagn. Med. Sonogr. 2014. V. 30. No. 6. P. 296-306. Doi: 10.1177/8756479314549070.

12. Childs J.T., Esterman A.J., Thoirs K.A., Turner R.C. Ultrasound in the assessment of hepatomegaly: a simple technique to determine an enlarged liver using reliable and valid measurements // Sonography. 2016. V. 3. No. 2. P. 47-52. Doi: 10.1002/sono.12051.

13. Childs J.T., Thoirs K.A., Esterman A.J. The development of a practical and uncomplicated predictive equation to determine liver volume from simple linear ultrasound measurements of the liver // Radiography. 2016. V. 22. No. 2. P. e125-e130. Doi: 10.1016/j.radi.2015.12.009.

14. Zoli M., Pisi P., Marchesini G., Bianchi G.P., Turci G.A., Pisi E. A rapid method for the in vivo measurement of liver volume // Liver. 1989. V. 9. No. 3. P. 159-163.

15. Glenn D., Thurston D., Garver P., Beutler E. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound in evaluating liver size in Gaucher patients // Acta Haematol. 1994. V. 92. No. 4. P. 187-189.

16. Elstein D., Hadas-Halpern I., Azuri Y., Abrahamov A., Bar-Ziv Y., Zimran A. Accuracy of ultrasonography in assessing spleen and liver size in patients with Gaucher disease: comparison to computed tomographic measurements // J. Ultrasound Med. 1997. V. 16. No. 3. P. 209-211.

17. Patlas M., Hadas-Halpern I., Abrahamov A., Elstein D., Zimran A. Spectrum of abdominal sonographic findings in 103 pediatric patients with Gaucher disease // Eur. Radiol. 2002. V. 12. No. 2. P. 397-400.

18. Капустин С.В., Пиманов С.И. Ультразвуковое исследование в таблицах и схемах. Изд. 2-е. Витебск: ВГМУ, 2005. 64 с.

19. Frericks B.B., Caldarone F.C., Nashan B., Savellano D.H., Stamm G., Kirchhoff T.D., Shin H.O., Schenk A., Selle D., Spindler W., Klempnauer J., Peitgen H.O., Galanski M. 3D CT modeling of hepatic vessel architecture and volume calculation in living donated liver transplantation // Eur. Radiol. 2004. V. 14. No. 2. P. 326-333. Doi: 10.1007/s00330-003-2161-8.

20. Hiroshige S., Shimada M., Harada N., Shiotani S., Ninomiya M., Minagawa R., Soejima Y., Suehiro T., Honda H., Hashizume M., Sugimachi K. Accurate preoperative estimation of liver-graft volumetry using three-dimensional computed tomography // Transplantation. 2003. V. 75. No. 9. P. 1561-1564. Doi: 10.1097/01.TP.0000053755.08825.12.

21. Niehues S.M., Unger J.K., Malinowski M., Neymeyer J., Hamm B., Stockmann M. Liver volume measurement: reason of the difference between in vivo CT-volumetry and intraoperative ex vivo determination and how to cope it // Eur. J. Med. Res. 2010. V. 15. No. 8. P. 345-350.

22. Kitajima K., Taboury J., Boleslawski E., Savier E., Vaillant J.C., Hannoun L. Sonographic preoperative assessment of liver volume before major liver resection // Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 2008. V. 32. No. 4. P. 382-389. Doi: 10.1016/j.gcb.2008.02.007.

23. Lautt W.W. Hepatic vasculature: a conceptual review // Gastroenterology. 1977. V. 73. No. 5. P. 1163-1169.

24. Hwang S., Lee S.G., Kim K.H., Park K.M., Ahn C.S., Moon D.B., Chu C.W., Lee Y.J., Min P.C. Correlation of blood-free graft weight and volu metric graft volume by an analysis of blood content in living donor liver grafts // Transplant. Proc. 2002. V. 34. No. 8. P. 3293-3294.

25. Garkavenko O., Emerich D.F., Muzina M., Muzina Z., Vasconcellos A.V., Ferguson A.B., Cooper I.J., Elliott R.B. Xenotransplantation of neonatal porcine liver cells // Transplant. Proc. 2005. V. 37. No. 1. P. 477-480.

26. Изранов В.А., Казанцева Н.В., Мартинович М.В., Белецкая М.А., Пономарев Н.А. Оценка точности вычисления стандартного объема при ультразвуковой волюметрии печени // Вестник Балтийского федерального университета им. И. Канта. Серия Естественные и медицинские науки. 2017. № 3. С. 15-29.

27. Изранов В.А., Казанцева Н.В., Белецкая М.А., Пономарев Н.А. Оценка точности вычисления стандартного объема при ультразвуковой волюметрии печени // Материалы XI Всероссийского национального конгресса лучевых диагностов и терапевтов “Радиология-2017”. М., 2017. С. 52-53.

28. Lin X.Z., SunY.N., LiuY.H., Sheu B.S., Cheng B.N., Chen C.Y., Tsai H.M., Shen C.L. Liver volume in patients with or without chronic liver diseases // Hepatogastroenterology. 1998. V. 45. No. 22. P. 1069-1074.

29. Urata K., Kawasaki S., Matsunami H., Hashikura Y., Ikegami T., Ishizone S., Momose Y., Komiyama A., Makuuchi M. Calculation of child and adult standard liver volume for liver transplantation // Hepatology. 1995. V. 21. No. 5. P. 1317-1321.

30. Poovathumkadavil A., Leung K.F., Al Ghamdi H.M., OthmanIel H., Meshikhes A.W. Standard formula for liver volume in Middle Eastern Arabic adults // Transplant. Proc. 2010. V. 42. No. 9. P. 3600-3605.

31. Johnson T.N., Tucker G.T., Tanner M.S., Rostami-Hodjegan A. Changes in liver volume from birth to adulthood: a meta-analysis // Liver Transpl. 2005. V. 11. No. 12. P. 1481-1493.

32. Chouker A., Martignoni A., Dugas M., Eisenmenger W., Schauer R., Kaufmann I., Schelling G., Lohe F., Jauch K.W., Peter K., Thiel M. Estimation of liver size for liver transplantation: the impact of age and gender // Liver Transpl. 2004. V. 10. No. 5. P. 678-685.

33. DeLand F.H., North W.A. Relationship between liver size and body size // Radiology. 1968. V. 91. No. 6. P. 1195-1198.

34. Yu H.C., You H., Lee H., Jin Z.W., Moon J.I., Cho B.H. Estimation of standard liver volume for liver transplantation in the Korean population // Liver Transpl. 2004. V. 10. No. 6. P. 779-783.

35. Hashimoto T., Sugawara Y., Tamura S., Hasegawa K., Kishi Y., Kokudo N., Makuuchi M. Estimation of standard liver volume in Japanese living liver donors // J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006. V. 21. No. 11. P. 1710-1713.

36. Noda T., Todani T., Watanabe Y., Yamamoto S. Liver volume in children measured by computed tomography // Pediatr. Radiol. 1997. V. 27. No. 3. P. 250-252.

37. Fu-Gui L., Lu-Nan Y., Bo L., Yong Z., Tian-Fu W., Ming-Qing X., Wen-Tao W., Zhe-Yu C. Estimation of standard liver volume in Chinese adult living donors // Transplant. Proc. 2009. V. 41. No. 10. P. 4052-4056.

38. Yoshizumi T., Gondolesi G.E., Bodian C.A., Jeon H., Schwartz M.E., Fishbein T.M., Miller C.M., Emre S. A simple new formula to assess liver weight // Transplant. Proc. 2003. V. 35. No. 4. P. 1415-1420.

39. Vauthey J.N., Abdalla E.K., Doherty D.A., Gertsch P., Fenstermacher M.J., Loyer E.M., Lerut J., Materne R., Wang X., Encarnacion A., Herron D., Mathey C., Ferrari G., Charnsangavej C., Do K.A., Denys A. Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in Western adults // Liver Transpl. 2002. V. 8. No. 3. P. 233-240.

40. Heinemann A., Wischhusen F., Puschel K., Rogiers X. Standard liver volume in the Caucasian population // Liver Transpl. Surg. 1999. V. 5. No. 5. P. 366-368.