Analysis of thyroid ultrasound examination was done in 219 patients. 1st (control) group included 147 patients, 2nd – 72 patients with benign thyroid nodules (76 nodules), which included 41 patients with colloid nodules (45 nodules (1st subgroup)) and 31 patients with follicular adenomas (31 nodules (2nd subgroup)). All patients were examined by Aixplorer ultrasound system (Supersonic Imagine, France) with B-mode, Doppler ultrasound, and shear wave elastography use assessing Young’s modulus which allowed thyroid stiffness to be measured. Young’s modulus values of benign thyroid nodules were as follows:  median of Emean – 25.8 kPа, 2.5–97.5th percentiles – 8.1–69.8 kPа, minimal – maximal values – 6.6–90.6 kPa; Emax – 34.3 kPa, 11.3–80.6 kPa, 5.9–107.1 kPa; SWE-ratio – 1.5, 0.7–8.2, 0.6–10.3 respectively. Emean and Emax values of benign thyroid nodules were significantly different from normal parenchyma (control group) (P < 0.0001). Values of Young’s modulus in colloid nodules were as follows: Emean – 30.5 kPa, 9.9–79.9 kPa, 9.5–90.6 kPa; Emax – 37.6 kPa, 12.4–91.4 kPa, 5.9–107.1 kPa; SWE-ratio – 1.8, 0.7–9.6, 0.7–10.3 respectively. Values of Young’s modulus in follicu-lar adenomas were as follows: Emean – 21.6 kPa, 6.9–47.6 kPa, 6.6–48.3 kPa; Emax –27.5 kPa, 11.2–66.3 kPa, 10.9–66.4 kPa; SWE-ratio – 1.4, 0.7–2.9, 0.6–3.0 respectively. There were significant differences of values Emean (P = 0.009) and Emax (P = 0.03) between colloid nodules and follicular adenomas subgroups. There was not any correlation of Emean and Emax in benign nodules with any quantitative (patient’s age, free thyroxine and thyrotropin, thyroid volume, maximal size of thyroid nodule, volume of thyroid nodule) and rank (gender, blood flow type) criteria. There was not any cor-relation in colloid nodules or follicular adenomas subgroups as well.

These guidelines may have been translated, from the originals published by ISUOG, by recognized ex-perts in the field and have been independently verified by reviewers with a relevant first language. Although all rea-sonable endeavors have been made to ensure that no fundamental meaning has been changed the process of transla-tion may naturally result in small variations in words or terminology and so ISUOG makes no claim that translated guidelines can be considered to be an exact copy of the original and accepts no liability for the consequence of any variations. The CSC's guidelines are only officially approved by the ISUOG in their English published form.

Ultrasound of uterus and ovaries was performed in 62 girls aged 15-16 years (1 st group) and 65 girls aged 17-18 years (2 nd group). Ratio of endometrium volume to uterus volume increased during secretory phase (2 ndphase). Median of this ratio in the 1 st group was 8.6% (5-95 th percentiles - 4.9-11.4%), in the 2 nd group - 11.9% (9.2-13.6%) (P < 0.05). Uterus vascularization index during 2 nd phase was significantly higher in the 2 nd group. Median of uterus vascularization index was equal to 9.7% (5.7-13.6%) comparing with 6.0% (3.4-11.3%) of the 1 st group (P 0.05). Median of endometrium vascularization index was as follows: 2.4% (1.2-4.4%) and 0.9% (0.1-3.9%) respectively (P < 0.05). There was no any vascularization of endometrium in patients of the 1 st group during 1 stphase. Arterial blood flow increased in uterine arteries during both phases among girls aged 17-18 years comparing with girls aged 15-16 years (P < 0.05). Arterial perfusion index among patients of the 1 st group was as follows: 0.014 (0.009-0.021) and 0.018 (0.011-0.030), among patients of the 2 nd group - 0.017 (0.012-0.022) and 0.022 (0.012-0.036) respectively (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Reduced sizes of corpus luteum (17.0 (13.5-20.0) against 20.0 (17.3-22.0) mm), increased resistive index of corpus luteum wall arteries (0.52 ± 0.03 against 0.47 ± 0.04) and decreased vascularization index of ovary after ovulation (10.8 ± 2.9 against 18.3 ± 6.9%) (among girls aged 15-16 years comparing with girls aged 17-18 years) were used as signs of luteal phase insufficiency among girls aged 15-16 years.

10 pregnant women with ovarian endometrioma and 2 pregnant women with ovarian cystadenocarcinoma were examined. Size and echostructure of ovarian endometrioma did not change during pregnancy in 4 patients; ultrasound signs of decidualized endometrioma which were confirmed by morphological examination were revealed in 6 cases. Ultrasound signs of decidualized endometrioma were as follows: absence of free liquid, low localization behind uterus, and ovoid, oblong or undefined shape. Irregular contour of cyst due to adhesive process and compression by pregnant uterus was detected in 57% of cases. Decidualized endometrioma were not large (median of maximal size - 57.0 mm, minimal and maximal values - 45.0-87.0 mm; volume - 55.2 (35.0-152.0) cm 3). 86% of decidualized endometrioma were characterized by thick cyst wall (>3 mm). There were 71% of unilocular, 14% of bilocular, and 14% of trilocular cysts. Content was always inhomogeneous with echogenic suspended sedimentation or opal glass sign. Vascularized papillary excrescence of round or ovoid shape (median of maximal size was 24.0 (5.0-42.0) mm; volume - 3.58 (0.03-20.10) cm 3) and amorphic nonvascularized echogenic inclusions (hemosiderin or fibrin) were revealed in all decidualized endometrioma. Vascularization was detected in thickened cyst walls and septa as well in case of multilocular structure. In 71% of cysts new ultrasound sign was found. It was called sandwich sign due to avascular amorphic echogenic inclusion and intensive vascularization of thickened wall. Typical ultrasound signs of decidualized endometrioma can help to avoid unnecessary surgery.

Value of ultrasound in children with acute intestinal infections is presented in the article. Main infectious agents and difficulties of clinical and laboratory diagnostics are discussed. Ultrasound signs of normal small intestine and colon are presented. Ultrasound signs of liver, spleen, pancreas, abdominal lymph nodes, gall bladder, small intestine, and colon changes in different infectious and inflammatory diseases are described. Classification of acute intestinal infection complications is given.

Three-dimensional echocardiography is important and at the same time complicated method of threedimensional data analysis. Adequate registration of data considering the aims of following analysis is necessary for its comprehensive use. Currently, four-dimensional echocardiography offers a wide range of data registration methods according to the study aims. Article presents review of main registration methods for four-dimensional echocardiography data. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are analyzed.