Aim of the study was to evaluate breast fat necrosis ultrasound signs. 48 breasts in 44 patients with fat necrosis (age from 22 up to 60 years old) during period from 2000 up to 2015 were investigated. Received ultrasound data was analyzed. 15 patients (15 breasts) with fat necrosis of breast subcutaneous fat formed the 1 st group, 7 patients (8 breasts) with fat necrosis after reduction mammaplasty in 0.5-1.5 years - the 2 nd group, 22 patients (25 breasts) after fat tissue autotransplantation - the 3 rd group. There were 5 ultrasound types of fat necrosis. Typical areas of fat necrosis in subcutaneous fat looking as inclusion cysts with a hyperechoic capsule did not require a biopsy. Fat necrosis areas in glandular layer could simulate breast lesions. Morphological examination was required in case of any suspicious lesions. Pain and local vascular enhancement in area of breast tissue heterogeneity (which could be result of trauma or surgical treatment) was an indication that fat necrosis could be one of possible breast diseases.

40 recipients with 42 related liver left lateral sector transplantation were examined. 28 vascular complications in 15 of them were found (hepatic arterial anastomotic stenosis - 6, hepatic arterial anastomotic thrombosis - 9, portoportal anastomotic stenosis - 7, portoportal anastomotic thrombosis - 3, hepatico-caval anastomotic stenosis - 2, inferior vena cava thrombosis - 1). Sensitivity of the transabdominal ultrasound in diagnosis of all kinds of vascular dysfunctions was 85.7%, specificity - 92.9%, diagnostic accuracy - 88.1%. Sensitivity of the transabdominal ultrasound in diagnosis of portoportal anastomotic stenosis was 85.7%, specificity - 97.1%, diagnostic accuracy - 95.2%; portoportal anastomotic thrombosis - 100.0, 100.0, 100.0%; hepatico-caval anastomotic stenosis and inferior vena cava thrombosis - 100.0, 100.0, 100.0%; hepatic arterial anastomotic thrombosis - 100.0, 100.0, 100.0%. The value of the transabdominal ultrasound is limited in diagnosis of hepatic arterial anastomotic stenosis (sensitivity - 50.0%, specificity - 100.0%, diagnostic accuracy - 92.9%).

191 girls without any gynecological and endocrine pathology underwent ultrasound investigation of the anterior chest in the projection of mammary glands. All girls were divided in to 5 groups according to their age: 1st group - 45 girls 5-6 years old, 2nd group - 41 girls 7-8 years old, 3rd group - 41 girls 9-10 years old, 4th group - 34 girls 11-12 years old, and 5th group - 30 girls 13-14 years old. Hypoechoic retroareolar zone of a round-ovoid shape (type A) was considered as a first sign of the thelarche. It could be asymmetric. Type A was observed in 12 (26.7%) cases in girls 5-6 years old, 19 (46.3%) in girls 7-8 years old. There were not any ultrasound signs of the breast development in 33 (73.3%) cases among girls 5-6 years old and in 19 (46.3%) cases among girls 7-8 years old (P 0.05). Thelarche of different stage was observed from 9 years old (3-5 groups). Type B (tubular structures at the periphery of hypoechoic zone) was diagnosed mostly in girls 9-10 years old (25 (61.0%) cases), type G (hypoechoic (immature) and hyperechoic (mature) glandular tissue) - in girls 13-14 years old (19 (63.3%) cases) (P 0.05). There were moderate correlations between the volume of the retroareolar zone and weight (r = 0.39), height (r = 0.31), and weight and height index (r = 0.42) (P 0.05). Adult type of the breast structure (type G) was visualized in 11.8% (4) girls 11-12 years old and 63.3% (19) girls 13-14 years old (P 0.05). Retromammary fat was revealed in 2 (6.7%) adolescents 13-14 years old.

Left atrium and pulmonary veins examination using two- and three-dimensional real-time transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 63 cardiac surgery patients (36 men and 27 women) aged from 31 up to 79 years old. There were 6 cases of rheumatic mitral stenosis, 10 - connective tissue dysplasia and mitral valve chordae rupture, 21 - aortic stenosis of different etiology, 18 - aortic ascending aneurysms and aortic insufficiency, 6 - ischemic heart disease, and 2 - left atrial mass. There were advantages of three-dimensional echocardiography performed from middle part of esophagus in comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography. It was useful for assessment of pulmonary veins orifices anatomy, left atrial appendage, and intraventricular septum. Transgastric access during transesophageal echocardiography using two- and three-dimensional modes was more accurate for left atrial size and volume assessment. Significant differences of left atrial active stroke volume were revealed between two- and three-dimensional real-time transesophageal echocardiography.

82 patients aged from 34 up to 89 years old with acute myocardial infarction were examined. Q-wave myocardial infarction was diagnosed in 56 (68%) patients, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction - in 26 (32%) patients. Myocardial systolic function, serum creatinine level, and glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI formula) were assessed. Prevalence of acute kidney injury according to KDIGO 2012 criteria was 85% (n = 70). Albuminuria, kidney injury molecule-1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin which characterized structural kidney injury were examined in 50 of 82 patients. Renal hemodynamics was assessed in 32 of 82 patients by Vivid e (GE HC, USA) ultrasound scanner equipped with a convex probe (2-5 MHz). Interlobar renal arteries resistive index was calculated. There was not any significant difference of myocardial infarction type (Q-wave and non-Q-wave) prevalence related to acute kidney injury. There was not any significant difference between left ventricular ejection fraction and frequency of systolic myocardial disfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction <40.0%) related to acute kidney injury as well. Interlobar renal arteries resistive index was significantly higher in patients with acute kidney injury comparing with patients without that (0.74 (0.71-0.76, 0.68-0.85) and 0.64 (0.64-0.66, 0.60-0.77), respectively) (median, 25-75th percentiles, minimal - maximal values) (P = 0.00082). Significant correlations were found out between interlobar renal arteries resistive index from one side and level of serum creatinine (r _S = 0.43, P < 0.05) and age (r _S = 0.35, P < 0.05) from other side. There was an inverse correlation between interlobar renal arteries resistive index and level of glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI formula) (r _S = -0.67, P < 0.05).

Aim of the study was to find ultrasound lung injury signs in case of blunt thoracic trauma. 68 patients with a blunt thoracic trauma which was combined with lung rupture in 5 patients (7.4%) and pulmonary contusion in 63 patients (92.6%) were examined. Pathology was verified by computed tomography and (or) during autopsy. Age of 48 patients (70.6%) was under 40 years old. Logiq-500 (GE HC, USA) and Acuson Antares (Siemens, Germany) ultrasound scanners with convex (2-5 MHz) and linear (7-12 MHz) probes were used for patient’s examination. Main lung injury ultrasound signs were as follows: decrease of lung airiness (100.0%), solitary hyperechoic inclusions (79.2%), air bronchogram symptom (23.6%), and injured lung irregular contour (23.6%). Air bronchogram (P < 0.05), significant contour irregularity of injured lung (P < 0.05), fluid bronchogram (9.7%), areas of decreased echogenicity of a different shape (9.7%), and similarity between lung and liver echogenicity (6.9%) were noticed in case of severe lung injury only. Similarity of lung and liver echogenicity was specific for lung rupture (100.0%) (P < 0.05). Ultrasound sensitivity in lung posttraumatic changes assessment during the first 24 hours after injury was 19.4%, on the next day - 58.3%. Ultrasound allowed to differentiate type of lung injury in case of blunt thoracic trauma and to monitor pathological process.

Meckel’s diverticulum ultrasound diagnostics in boy 11 years old is presented in the article. Vitelline duct was not obliterated along all length. Ultrasound image of Meckel’s diverticulum was described. Attention was paid to ultrasound signs of Meckel’s diverticulum and appendix considering their anatomy and similarity of clinical symptoms in cases of Meckel’s diverticulitis and appendicitis.

Article presents literature review regarding to parvovirus B19 infection in pregnant women, diagnosis and treatment of anemia in fetus with non-immune hydrops, and own case reports. Efficacy of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity assessment for diagnosis of severe anemia in fetus with non-immune hydrops was shown. Positive perinatal outcomes after single intrauterine washed red blood cells transfusion for fetuses were shown as well.

Literature review of vascular complications after kidney transplantation is presented in the article. Prevalence of different vascular complications and their reasons are discussed. Analysis of ultrasound criteria of most frequent complications is given. Case report shows the value of intraoperative ultrasound in transplanted renal artery thrombosis diagnosis and timely treatment. The 1st stage ultrasound monitoring was done after transplanted kidney reperfusion beginning, the 2nd stage - after urinary tract reconstruction, the 3rd stage - after end of operation.

These guidelines may have been translated, from the originals published by ISUOG, by recognized experts in the field and have been independently verified by reviewers with a relevant first language. Although all reasonable endeavors have been made to ensure that no fundamental meaning has been changed the process of translation may naturally result in small variations in words or terminology and so ISUOG makes no claim that translated
guidelines can be considered to be an exact copy of the original and accepts no liability for the consequence of any
variations. The CSC's guidelines are only officially approved by the ISUOG in their English published form.