Currently, a radical prostatectomy is performed in one third of patients with localized prostate cancer, which requires the standardization of protocol and report of the ultrasound examination with regard to time necessary to provide a quality diagnostic evaluation. A detailed description of the ultrasound signs and image storage significantly assist the dynamic assessment of the prostatectomy bed, and helps to avoid a false-positive diagnosis of local recurrence of prostate cancer. When interpreting transrectal ultrasound signs of prostatectomy bed pathology, it is necessary to take into account not only the results of ultrasound examination, ultrasound follow-up, but also clinical and laboratory data (at least, the presence or absence of biochemical recurrence). If necessary, the transrectal ultrasound of the prostatectomy bed can be used for targeting a suspicious lesion including MRI/US fusion biopsy.

The review presents transrectal ultrasound various modalities application in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. It provides the data on diagnostic value of B-mode ultrasound (including micro-ultrasound using ultra-high frequency), various technologies of blood flow evaluation (including micro-Doppler), HistoScanning, qualitative and quantitative elastography, and qualitative and quantitative contrastenhanced ultrasound. The role of magnetic resonance/transrectal ultrasound fusion in prostate biopsy is shown. The perspective for various modalities combining into a multiparametric transrectal ultrasound and possibility of development of standardized scales for ultrasound report are discussed. The available data confirms that the use of modern technologies increases accuracy of transrectal ultrasound in prostate cancer diagnosis, including detection of clinically significant prostate cancer.

The value of ultrasound in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant regional lymph nodes lesions is considered in the pictorial review. The ultrasound criteria for revealing of lymph node malignancy using modern ultrasound techniques are characterized. The emphasis is made on the ultrasound signs of nodal involvement in patients with cutaneous melanoma. The criteria for early diagnosis of regional lymph node metastasis and the value of ultrasound in preoperative staging of cutaneous melanoma are discusse

Objective: to determine reference values of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in normal fetuses and compare it with the data of fetuses suffering from moderate-severe anemia. Material and methods: fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity was measured in two groups. The control group (group 1) comprised 530 normal singleton pregnancies and 9 dichorionic twins (total fetal number - 548). There were not any fetal congenital disorders, risk of anemia. All newborns had normal hemoglobin level at birth and good outcomes. The main group (group 2) comprised pregnancies (n = 31) with fetuses suffering from moderate (15/31, 48.4%) or severe (16/31, 51.6%) anemia according to results of fetal blood sampling by cordocentesis. The statistical analysis was performed with the use of RStudio version 1.3.959. Results: fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity significantly increases with advancing gestation in normal pregnancy and was described by a fifth-degree regression equation (R² = 0.8931, P < 2.2 × 10^-16). Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity of anemic fetuses (moderate-severe anemia) were above the line corresponding to the upper limit of 95% confidence interval (for the square root of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity). Reference values of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity at 12-40 weeks of gestation were presented. ROC-analysis revealed the optimal cut-off value corresponding to the 97.5th percentile with the highest values of the Youden index (0.9708) and AUC (0.9963). Conclusion: the upper limit of 95% confidence interval (97.5th percentile) of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity could be recommended as a cut-off value indicating moderate-severe fetal anemia. Future investigations are needed for effectiveness assessment of revealed criteria.