The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of liver volume measurement on the basis of simple (nonultrasound ) determination of linear organ dimensions using formulas of ultrasound volumetry. The study was carried out on 34 corpses of persons who died from various diseases. During the autopsy, the liver was removed from the abdominal cavity. After cutting off the gallbladder and ligamentous, the liver was weighed and then placed in a container with water to determine it volume by measuring the volume of the expelled fluid. Liver macroscopic study revealed that significant number of organs (13 of 34 (38%)) were affected by diffuse or focal liver diseases of various genesis. Measurement of liver size was carried out on both lobes sections according to the principles of ultrasound liver size determining. To measure the liver volume, the most common formulas in ultrasound were used: M. Zoli et al. (1989), D. Glenn et al. (1994), D. Elstein et al. (1997), M. Patlas et al. (2001), and J.T. Childs et al. (2016). Liver post-mortem mass in the group ranged 744-2711 g (median - 1663 g, 5-95^th percentiles - 803-2683 g). The volume of the liver, determined by fluid displacement method, ranged 620-2475 cm³ (median - 1475 cm³, 5-95^thpercentiles - 676-2256 cm³). The liver tissue density ranged 0.48-1.64 g/cm³ (median - 1.16 g/cm³, 5-95^th percentiles - 1.02-1.30 g/cm³). Spearman correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between real liver volume and calculated liver volume according to D. Elstein et al. (r_S - 0.814, P < 0.0001), M. Patlas et al. (r_S - 0.813, P < 0.0001), and J.T. Childs et al. (r_S - 0.709, P < 0.0001) formulas. The analysis of liver volume differences calculated by each formula from real liver volume demonstrated that there are no significant differences when using formulas of J.T. Childs et al. ((P = 0.4845), M. Patris et al. (P = 0.0953), and D. Elstein et al. (P = 0.0953). The most accurate formula for liver volume calculations was the formula of J.T. Childs et al.

From January to August 2017, lymph nodes ultrasound examination was performed to 51 patients (23 men and 28 women) (23-86 years old) with a histologically verified cutaneous malignant melanoma diagnosis. In all patients metastasis in lymph nodes of different localization (axillary, cervical, and inguinal lymph nodes) were suspected according to gray-scale and Doppler ultrasound. All patients were examined using ultrasound system Aplio 500 (Toshiba, Japan) with linear transducer 7-18 MHz. The first group included 21 patients with confirmed metastatic lymph nodes, the second - 30 patients with hyperplasia of lymphoid reticular tissue. Young’s modulus values for metastatic lymph nodes were 101.8 kPa (median), 14.0-164.5 kPa (2.5-97.5^th percentiles), for hyperplastic lymph nodes - 15.0 kPa, 7.2-56.8 kPa, respectively. Significant differences in Young’s modulus values between metastatic and hyperplastic lymph nodes in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma were revealed (P < 0.0001). Young’s modulus values in metastatic lymph nodes were not correlated with Clark level of melanoma invasion, nor with the localization of metastases (axillary, cervical, and inguinal lymph nodes). The best Young’s module cut-off value for metastatic lymph nodes detection in case of skin melanoma was 22.7 kPa (sensitivity - 86%, specificity - 77%, AUC - 0,916).

The aim of the study was to systematize endometritis B-mode ultrasound signs and determine the frequency of their occurrence. A retrospective analysis of ultrasound examination data of 423 reproductive age patients (19-53 years old) with verified endometritis was carried out. The comparison group consisted of 316 women (17-52 years old) without gynecological pathology (P > 0.05). Increased endometrial echogenicity in proliferative phase of menstrual cycle in the endometritis group was identified in 75.9% of cases, decreased echogenicity in secretory phase - in 32.7%, ill-defined endometrium contour - in 32.4%, and hyperechoic inclusions at the endometrial-myometrium junction - in 33.1%. Also have value a rare ultrasound signs in M-echo region: endometrium atrophy (25.5%), fluid in uterine cavity (16.5%), hyperechoic inclusions with acoustic reverberations (gas) in uterine cavity (14.4%), and endometrial thickness asymmetry (5.9%). Myometrium changes allows to reveal the spread of inflammatory process (endomyometritis): heterogeneous myometrium structure (27.9%), decreased myometrium echogenicity (20.1%), increase in uterus volume (12.6%), and increase in uterus mobility (5.2%).

Noncompacted myocardium is a rare genetic cardiomyopathy with specific echocardiographic signs. A case of differential diagnosis of noncompacted myocardium with the use of contrast-enhanced echocardiography (SonoVue, Bracco, Italy) is presented. 24-year-old man had complaints on cardiac chest pain of unknown genesis, ECG with non-specific T wave abnormalities, and suspicion of noncompacted myocardium according to echocardiography. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed a controversial signs of noncompacted myocardium. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography was performed and allowed to exclude this pathology. The case demonstrates the effectiveness of contrast-enhanced echocardiography for endocardium and left ventricle structures visualization.

A patient with a new-onset complete left bundle branch block was investigated using contrast-enhanced echocardiography (SonoVue contrast agent). Routine two-dimensional echocardiography showed decreasing amplitude of endocardium movement in midventricular septum segments. Regional wall motion abnormalities were suspected. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography allowed to visualize clearly endocardial and epicardial surfaces and, on the basis of myocardial systolic thickening analysis, to exclude the presence of left ventricle regional wall motion abnormality.

The article presents a clinical case of infective endocarditis in 17-year-old girl, the diagnosis of which was established only a month after disease debut. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed large vegetation on the posterior mitral valve leaflet. After a month of antibacterial therapy at repeated echocardiographic examination vegetation was not found. To clarify the patient’s heart valves state transesophageal echocardiography was performed. The transesophageal examination showed mitral valve defect-posterior leaflet perforation. The case clearly demonstrates that the erroneous or late infective endocarditis diagnosis is associated with the development of severe heart valves complications. In our case - posterior mitral valve leaflet perforation in a young girl. In the case of unknown genesis fevers, the probability of infective endocarditis should be considered in all age groups. It is necessary to perform transthoracic echocardiography as early as possible. In case of negative results of transthoracic echocardiography and high infective endocarditis clinical suspicion, a transesophageal ultrasound should be used.

Clinical case of esophageal leiomyoma (rare benign tumor) primary ultrasound diagnosis is presented. Tumor was revealed during routine thyroid ultrasound examination and then verified at esophagogastroduodenoscopy and target biopsy. Percutaneous ultrasound examination showed the echogenic oval lesion (11 х 5 mm), with regular borders and homogeneous echostructure, behind thyroid gland left lobe, in the esophageal projection. It did not shift when swallowed and not strain when compressed by the probe. In color-coded Doppler modes blood flow was not detected in the projection of lesion. In a brief literature review the problems of differential diagnostics of esophageal lesion, imitating thyroid nodes, are considered. Among them pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, fibrovascularpolyp, leiomyoma, schwannoma, and other benign esophageal tumors are presented.

The clinical case of the same side recurrent adnexal torsion in 12-year-old girl is described. Recurrent adnexal torsion is rare in pediatric practice. Ultrasound signs of uterine adnexal torsion are shown. A brief literature review of uterine adnexal torsion ultrasound diagnosis is presented. A detailed discussion on gray-scale and Doppler signs of uterine adnexal torsion is made.