Clinical and syndromic approach was used for prenatal diagnosis of multiple congenital malformations of non-chromosomal genesis. The search for the syndrome was carried out according to ultrasound data using an automated diagnostic system OMIM. Subsequently, all cases were verified. The results of pregnant women ultrasound examination in the Moscow region for the period of 2011-2015 with prenatally detected non-chromosomal complexes of multiple congenital fetus malformations (n = 678) were analyzed. Cytogenetic (n = 530), molecular cytogenetic (n = 45), and molecular genetic (n = 103) methods were used for investigation. 337 (49.7%) from 678 cases of multiple congenital non-chromosomal malformations were identified as unclassified. In 341 (50.3%) cases 175 known monogenic hereditary syndromes with autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive types of inheritance and 166 known non-hereditary syndromes and associations were found. Assessed the prevalence of some malformations (skeleton, fingers, face, and anterior abdominal wall). Malformations of skeleton, fingers and face, identified with the help of ultrasound, had a higher prevalence in the group of monogenic hereditary syndromes with autosomal dominant inheritance, defects of anterior abdominal wall - in the group of non-hereditary syndromes and associations (P < 0.0001 for all comparisons).

Aim of the study is to reveal correlation between placenta ultrasound and morphological changes in placental insufficiency. 18 patients aged from 25 up to 37 years old (22-32 weeks of pregnancy) with signs of placental insufficiency (which were not revealed before) were included in to the study. Labor was spontaneous in 2 cases from 18 (11.1%): in one case antenatal fetal loss in twin pregnancy in 24 weeks and in another case intranatal fetal loss after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in 22-23 weeks. Placenta thinning was diagnosed in 89.5% (17 from 19 cases), oligohydramnios - in 64.8% (13 cases), progressing blood circulation disorder (stage II and III) - in 63.2% (12 cases), and fetal growth restriction (stage II and III) - in 63.2% (12 cases). Different grade of intervillous space dilation was revealed in 10 from 19 cases (52.6%), premature aging of placenta - in 8 cases (42.1%), and increase of placenta echogenicity - in 1 case (5.3%). There were hemostatic disorders in 6 from 18 patients (33.3%).

The aim of the study was to evaluate rotation at level of basal and apical segments, papillary muscles and twisting of left ventricle in healthy children and adolescents born full-term. 86 healthy children aged from 2 months up to 18 years old born full-term were included in to the study. None of children had any respiratory tract infection within last 6 months. Individual analysis of left ventricle rotation at level of basal, apical segments, and papillary muscles revealed four types of left ventricle twist. The 1^st type (“adult type”) was diagnosed in 52 (60.5%) healthy children and adolescents aged from 2 months up to 18 years old. This type of twist was characterized by multidirectional rotation of left ventricle basal and apical segments. It was clockwise at level of basal segments and counterclockwise at level of apex. The 2^nd type (“children type”) was characterized by unidirectional counterclockwise rotation at level of basal segments, papillary muscles, and apex. This type of twist was diagnosed in 15 (17.4%) children. The 3^rd type was characterized by unidirectional counterclockwise rotation at level of basal and apical segments and clockwise at level of papillary muscles. This type of left ventricle twist was revealed in 10 (11.6%) healthy children. The 4^th type revealed in 9 (10.5%) cases was characterized by left ventricle clockwise motion at level of apical segments and papillary muscles, clockwise motion at level of basal segments in 4 cases, counterclockwise motion at level of basal segments in 5 cases. There were not any significant differences in prevalence of left ventricle twist depending on gender and age.

Carotid arteries atherosclerotic plaques were assessed using grey-scale median (GSM) analysis (iU22 (Philips, Netherlands) scanner and workstation MultiVox (Gammamed, Russia)). GSM analysis results of 25 atherosclerotic plaques obtained by MultiVox (GSM MV) and Adobe Photoshop (GSM AP) were compared at the first stage of the study. There were good correlation and agreement (Bland-Altman method) between GSM MV and GSM AP results. Good intraobserver and interobserver agreement was demonstrated for GSM MV measurements. At the second stage of the study, 51 carotid arteries atherosclerotic plaques with more than 70% stenosis were investigated (44 patients aged 51-83 years who underwent carotid endarterectomy with subsequent atherosclerotic plaques histological study). There was not any significant difference in GSM MV between subgroups with stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques: 52.5 (42.0-64.6) against 46.4 (34.4-59.7) (median, interquartile range). Significant dispersion of GSM MV values in subgroup of unstable atherosclerotic plaques was determined. It makes more reasonable to do GSM MV evaluation in different zones of atherosclerotic plaques. GSM MV can be used in medical practice instead of GSM AP.

Aim of the study was to optimize ultrasound nerves examination technology in upper limb tunnel neuropathies. 201 median nerves (122patients aged 26- 70 years old with clinical and electrophysiological signs of carpal tunnel syndrome) and 110 ulnar nerves (88patients aged 20-74 years old with clinical and electrophysiological signs of cubital tunnel syndrome) were investigated. The control group included 135 median nerves (84 healthy volunteers aged 25-70 years old) and 141 ulnar nerves (91 healthy volunteers aged 24-77 years old). Cross-section area was measured at distal part of nerve (S1), at level of tunnels exit (S2), at level of tunnel (S3), at level of entrance to tunnel (S4), and at proximal part of nerve (S5). AUC values for segments within tunnel in carpal tunnel syndrome ranged from 0.787 to 0.930; in cubital tunnel syndrome - from 0.776 to 0.869. They were significantly higher than in remote segments (carpal tunnel syndrome - up to 0.591; cubital tunnel syndrome - up to 0.666). After merging segments, which had the highest sensitivity, in the single segment S2-4 max, and using maximum value of nerve cross sectional area in this merged segment as a cut-off, higher AUC value was achieved. Cut-off values of maximum nerve cross-sectional area within tunnel can be used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (norm - ≤ 12 mm², pathology - >12 mm², AUC - 0.974) and cubital tunnel syndrome (norm - ≤ 12 mm², pathology - >12 mm², AUC - 0.928).